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Mathematics Disorder
Students with a mathematics disorder have problems with their math skills. Their math skills are significantly below normal considering the student's age, intelligence, and education. As measured by a standardized test that is given individually, the person's mathematical ability is substantially less than you would expect considering age, intelligence and education. This deficiency materially impedes academic achievement or daily living. If there is also a sensory defect, the mathematics deficiency is worse than you would expect with it. Associated Features: Conduct disorder Attention deficit disorder Depression Other Learning Disorders Differential Diagnosis: Some disorders have similar or even the same symptoms. The clinician, therefore, in his/her diagnostic attempt, has to differentiate against the following disorders which need to be ruled out to establish a precise diagnosis. Low Self-Esteem Social problems Increased dropout rate at school Cause: Mathematics disorder is usually brought to the attention of the child's parents when math instruction becomes a very important part of the classroom teaching. It is possible that some people have problems in math because of their genetic makeup. In contrast to some families whose members have great difficulty solving math problems, there are other families who tend to have members that consistently have a very high-level of math functioning. Treatment: Treatment for mathematics disorder includes individual tutoring, placement in special math classrooms with expert math teachers, and other educational aids that focus on math skills. Therefore, learning disorders are treated with specialized educational methods. In addition to special classroom instruction at school, students with learning disorders frequently benefit from individualized tutoring which focuses on their specific learning problem.
Disorder of Written Expression
A disorder resulting from problems in poor writing skills. Students with written expression disorder have a problem with their writing skills. Their writing skills are significantly below what is normal considering the student's age, intelligence, and education. The poor writing skills cause problems with the student's academic success or other important areas of life. As measured by functional assessment or by a standardized test that is given individually, the patient's writing ability is substantially less than you would expect considering age, intelligence and education. The difficulty with writing grammatically correct sentences and organized paragraphs materially impedes academic achievement or daily living. If there is also a sensory defect, the writing deficiency is worse than you would expect with it. Associated Features: Low Self-Esteem Social problems Increased Dropout rate at School Differential Diagnosis: Some disorders have similar or even the same symptoms. The clinician, therefore, in his/her diagnostic attempt has to differentiate against the following disorders which need to be ruled out to establish a precise diagnosis. Conduct Disorder Attention Deficit Disorder Depression Other Learning Disorders Causes: This disorder appears by itself or in conjunction with other learning disabilities. Other disabilities linked with the disorder of written expression are: reading disorder, expressive language disorder, mathematics disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Treatment: Although educators attempt to intervene, there is no proven effective treatment for the disorder of written expression.
Enuresis
It has been estimated that in the United Kingdom over half a million children between the ages of 6 and 16 years regularly wet the bed and more of these are boys than girls. Children vary in the age at which they are physically ready to have complete control over their bladders. Many children are not ready for toilet training before the age of 3. Enuresis usually does not indicate an emotional or physical problem but can do. Disorders main features are: Accidentally or on purpose, the patient repeatedly urinates into clothing or the bed. The clinical importance of this behavior is shown by either: It occurs at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months or I t causes clinically important distress or impairs work (scholastic), social or personal functioning The patient is at least 5 years old (or the developmental equivalent). This behavior is not directly caused by a general medical condition (such as diabetes, seizures, spina bifida) or by the use of a substance (such as a diuretic). Specify type: Nocturnal Only Diurnal Only Nocturnal and Diurnal Associated Features: Although the great majority of children with Functional Enuresis do not have a coexisting mental disorders, the prevalence of coexisting mental disorders is greater in those with Functional Enuresis than in the general population. Functional Encopresis, Sleepwalking Disorder, and Sleep Terror Disorder may also be present. Other associated features may include: Limited Social Interaction. Lower Self-Esteem. Rejection by Peers. Anger/Punishment by Parents. Behavior Problems/Conduct Problems. Underachievement in School. Differential Diagnosis: Some disorders have similar or even the same symptoms. The clinician, therefore, in his/her diagnostic attempt, has to differentiate against the following disorders which need to be ruled out to establish a precise diagnosis. Current medical problems particularly urinary or bladder infections. Cause: Enuresis may have a number of causes which can include the effects of internal marital disputes, fear, lack of self confidence and medical problems. Treatment: The treatment of enuresis can take a multiple approach; parental understanding, possible through counseling for the parent and psychotherapy for the child, to mechanical and behavioral devices employed to assist in braking the bedwetting cycle.
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